Europe is the main export market for Russian natural gas, accounting for about 75% of Russia's natural gas exports. After the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the EU was eager to get rid of its dependence on Russia for energy, and decided to reduce its natural gas imports from Russia this year by 2/3 (about 100 billion cubic meters).
Oil and gas is a pillar industry for Russia's economic development and fiscal revenue. As early as the 1960s, the Soviet Union began to supply gas to Europe through pipelines. Strengthening energy cooperation with Europe has always dominated Russia's energy policy and the development of natural gas industry infrastructure. Under the new international situation, in order to achieve the sustainable development of the natural gas industry, Russia is considering three aspects: expanding LNG exports, promoting the eastward movement of natural gas exports, and promoting the coordinated development of the domestic natural gas industry chain to ease the impact on the decline in European exports.
Develop alternative technologies to expand LNG exports
LNG can flow freely in the global market, and its price is not restricted by regions. It is the most dynamic link in the natural gas industry chain. The development of the LNG industry can not only expand Russia's share of the global market, but also make the Arctic and continental shelf natural gas more flexible. In view of this, Russia has strengthened the planning and layout of LNG projects. In March last year, the Russian government approved the "Long-term Plan for LNG Development". The goal is to make full use of the Arctic continental shelf and natural gas resources in the Far East, increase the annual output of LNG to 140 million tons within the next 15 years, and strive to be in the global LNG market by 2035. has a 20% share.
However, under the new situation, Russia is facing insurmountable technical challenges in developing the LNG industry. First, Europe and the United States have restricted the export of natural gas liquefaction technology and equipment to Russia. Russia lacks its own technical support in large-scale LNG production and sea and land transportation, and almost all facilities and key technologies come from Western companies. In April of this year, the European Union introduced a fifth round of sanctions, prohibiting the direct or indirect supply of equipment and technology needed to export natural gas liquefaction to Russia, casting a shadow over the projects under construction and planned. Western companies such as Technip Energy, Saipan, Baker Hughes, Siemens Energy and Linde, which provide manufacturing services, equipment supply, liquefaction technology and front-end engineering for the Arctic 2, Baltic, and Far East LNG projects under construction, all said It will withdraw from existing projects in Russia and will no longer undertake new projects.
Smarttech believes that among the projects under construction, only the first production line of Arctic 2, which has already delivered facilities, is the least affected. Led by Gazprom, the Baltic Sea project, which was originally scheduled to go online in 2025, will be delayed by 4 to 5 years. Yakutia, Taimer LNG and other projects that have no clear development plan and are in the initial stage are facing the risk of indefinite delay.
Second, the development of self-owned LNG technology is facing a bottleneck. Against the background of Western technology blockade, Russia seeks to accelerate the substitution of imported technology by strengthening its own technological innovation and development. "From the perspective of maintaining and expanding natural gas exports in the next decade, efforts to speed up the import substitution of large-scale LNG projects will play an important role in breaking the bottleneck of Russia's natural gas development." Alexei Belogoriev said.
However, it takes years to develop mature indigenous technologies and facilities. Novatek and research institutes jointly designed the liquefaction technology called "Arctic cascade" for the fourth production line of the Yamal project. The key equipment of this production line, including heat exchangers, compressors, and gas turbines, are supplied locally. manufacturer. However, in production, due to the imperfection of the process, the maintenance frequency of the production line equipment is high. Atomenergomash, a machinery manufacturing company affiliated with Russia's atomic energy company, has also announced that it will produce liquefaction equipment, but it will not wait until after 2025 at the earliest.
Therefore, under the circumstance that it is difficult for Russia to make breakthroughs in large-scale LNG projects, it may be a feasible way to develop small and medium-sized LNG projects. Alexei Gromov, director of the Energy Center of the Russian Institute of Energy and Finance, said that it will take 7-10 years to build a domestic large-scale LNG production line, and Russian companies can expand the scale of small and medium-sized LNG projects based on their existing production capacity. It can be exported as well as meet domestic demand, expanding the coverage of natural gas in remote areas. In addition, small and medium-sized LNG projects are less dependent on foreign technology and are more likely to succeed in import substitution.
Promoting the Eastward Movement of Exports and Speeding up the Development of Alternative Markets
The Russian gas transmission system is connected to Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States and China. Against the backdrop of a substantial reduction in pipeline gas imports in Europe, Russia has accelerated the pace of energy eastward shift, committed to promoting the diversification of natural gas exports and establishing closer ties with the Asian market. Increasing gas transmission to China and stably supplying gas to Turkey, the CIS countries and neighboring countries in Eastern Europe will alleviate the dilemma of decreasing exports to a certain extent.
With the steady growth of natural gas consumption demand, China has become an important target market for Russia. It is estimated that around 2035, China's natural gas market demand will reach 620 billion to 650 billion cubic meters. Russia has begun to increase its efforts to develop the Chinese market, and has regarded China as an important starting point for its natural gas strategy to move eastward.
At present, Gazprom's gas transmission volume to China through the "Power of Siberia" is slightly higher than the planned 10 billion cubic meters per year, and it is expected to reach the designed transmission volume of 38 billion cubic meters per year in 2025. In February this year, Gazprom and PetroChina signed the "Far East Natural Gas Purchase and Sale Agreement". After the pipeline is put into operation, Russia's gas transmission to China will increase by 10 billion cubic meters per year. In addition, Gazprom has also completed the feasibility study of the Alliance-Oriental project, which is planned to pass through Mongolia to transmit gas to China. If put into operation, Russia's annual gas supply to China will increase by another 50 billion cubic meters, and Mongolia will also become a new market for Russia's pipeline gas.
However, the implementation of the eastward shift of Russia's natural gas export strategy is constrained by insufficient natural gas infrastructure. "In order to significantly increase pipeline gas exports to Asian markets, Russia must invest in infrastructure such as transportation and gas storage, which requires time and a lot of financing," said Maxim Biliukov, senior analyst at Alpha Capital Management. In the future, Russia needs not only to increase investment in the construction of eastbound natural gas infrastructure, but also to establish closer ties with target markets and establish an image of a long-term and stable supplier.
Promote the coordinated development of the domestic natural gas industry chain
While doing everything possible to stabilize natural gas exports, Russian gas practitioners and regulators will increasingly focus on the domestic market. Russian President Vladimir Putin has set three key strategic tasks for the energy industry. First, a continuous supply to the domestic market must be ensured, and domestic consumption should be stimulated as much as possible by lowering prices. Second, to diversify exports and gradually shift the focus of exports to the fast-growing southern and eastern Asian markets. Finally, it is necessary to develop deep processing of oil and gas. In addition, Putin also emphasized that additional support should be given to projects at the investment stage so that they can be put into production as soon as possible.
At present, Russia is intensifying the adjustment of the domestic natural gas industry chain, trying to digest the impact of the decline in European exports by revitalizing the domestic natural gas-related industry. Natural gas plays an important role in Russia's energy consumption. Last year, Russia's annual consumption of natural gas exceeded 500 billion cubic meters, which is close to the annual consumption level of 550 billion cubic meters in Europe. Natural gas accounts for about 54% of the country's primary energy consumption structure. In the future, Russia will develop gasification projects, natural gas chemical, small-scale LNG and gas power generation projects to stimulate domestic consumption demand.
One is to improve the gasification level . This will not only create a market for the domestic natural gas industry, but also improve people's well-being. Russia plans to increase the national gasification rate from the current 72% to 82.9% by 2030. Sergei Gustov, head of the gasification department of Gazprom, said that in order to achieve this goal, the company will allocate 126 billion rubles by 2025 to be used in the power of Siberia and Sakhalin-Khabarovsk- The gasification process is carried out in the areas between the Vladivostok pipelines that have not yet been gasified. The second is to promote the substitution of natural gas for other fuels. Some areas of Russia have not yet used natural gas. For example, Murmansk mainly uses fuel oil. At present, the Russian government is studying the supply of 8 billion cubic meters of natural gas to the region, which is equivalent to the current import volume of Poland. Of course, natural gas will not only be used as a fuel in the region, but promising chemical projects will also use natural gas as a feedstock.
In short, natural gas is an important material basis for Russia's economic and social development, and the country will make every effort to resolve the impact of various unfavorable factors. As Alexei Belogoriyev, deputy director of the Energy Center of the Russian Institute of Energy and Finance, believes that Russia's gas industry is resilient enough to survive the pressure of reduced traditional export market shares and Western sanctions. Russia will improve its sustainable development capability by adjusting its domestic industrial policy and export strategy, and strengthening the development of domestic small-scale LNG projects. Russia's abundant natural gas resource advantages and the indispensable position of natural gas in the energy transition determine that Russia's natural gas industry cannot be completely squeezed out of the international market.
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